My Life Is My True Calling - 751 Words

â€Å"No, you cannot marry someone from India!† my Pakistani grandparents said to my father. However, he knew he had to marry her as he knew she would make him happy for the rest of his life. My father has always been my source of determination, courage, and commitment. These qualities in combination with his strength of character helped him convince his parents to bring my mother to Pakistan, despite the social ostracism they faced from the extended family. This is one of the many reasons I idolize my father. As such and with being born into a family of engineers, everyone figured I would grow up to be one, too. However, gradually it dawned on me that medicine was my true calling. The ability to directly bring about a positive change in a person’s life is a splendid notion for me. I knew I had to pursue my passion, which was medicine. I knew it was going to be a long journey plagued with trials and tribulations. At the same time, this reality was eased knowing that I would enjoy the unwavering support of my father. Finally, years of hard work culminated into a moment of jubilation when I found out that I was accepted into Dow Medical College, Karachi, the most prestigious state-funded medical school. As a student, of all my clinical rotations, internal medicine resonated with me the most. The breadth and depth of Internal Medicine is extraordinary and I enjoyed the process of trying to tie a pathological process to a set of given symptoms. It also fostered my intrinsicShow MoreRelatedMy Calling In My Life904 Words   |  4 PagesFinding our true calling in life isn’t always easy. To me a calling is something that you find joy in and are passionate about. As followers of Christ we are told to trust God and follow what He calls us to do. I believe that God directs us down different paths throughout our lives that lead us to a calling rather than just handing it to us. This can be scary as we never know His exact plan. As soon as we get comfortable in one area of our life and feel as if we have found our calling God throws usRead MoreMy Worldview and the Relationship I Want with God Essay1427 Words   |  6 PagesThrough taking this class I have learned how to not only mana ge my life better but my finances and decisions as well, helping me to structure my life around the things that really matter through understanding my own worldview. This class has caused me to do a lot of reflecting on my own life and seeing how it correlates to a Christian worldview, revealing that I need to dedicate more of my time and effort into building my relationship with God. I learned in this class that a worldview is comprisedRead MoreThe Call, Os Guinness1497 Words   |  6 PagesGuinness presents the biblical definition of calling for the Christian. Guinness brings clarity to what true Biblical calling is, and how it should affect our lives. Guinness present the skewed modern conception of calling, that is not at all biblical, and shatters its ideas. Throughout â€Å"The Call†, Guinness explains how calling should transform our lives, and influence everything that we do. Guinness explains that there are two different types of calling that work together; primary and secondary. Read MoreThe Call, Os Guinness1490 Words   |  6 PagesGuinness presents the biblical definition of calling for the Christian. Guinness brings clarity to what true Biblical calling is, and how it should affect our lives. Guinness presents the skewed modern conception of calling, that is not at all biblical, and shatters its ideas. Throughout â€Å"The Call†, Gui nness explains how calling should transform our lives, and influence everything that we do. Guinness explains that there are two different types of calling that work together; primary and secondary.Read MoreThe Definition Of Calling : An Occupation Undertaken For A Significant Period Of A Person s Life1190 Words   |  5 PagesTo the untrained mind the words calling and career may seem to have the same meaning, but this is untrue. I too once thought the same thing. However, core 100, the reading from Baart and the assigned readings changed my mind. Now, I know that the word calling and the word career are different and have different meanings. The dictionary meaning of career is ‘an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person s life and with opportunities for progress.’ Career is a secular word. It isRead MoreDillard living like weasels Essay663 Words   |  3 Pageswill be able get closer to our aspirations in life and do whatever means necessary to get there. Achieving our goals would be easiest if we were to live mindlessly. 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Essay about The Global Dimensions of Religious Terrorism.

The Global Dimensions of religious Terrorism. Mark Juergensmeyer argues that: religious often provides participates in transnational terrorist movements with the violent certainty necessary to develop extraordinary motivation and to engage in violent actions that appear to violate ethical precepts. Religious terrorism often involves holy war on a global scale. During the Cold War, America’s major enemy was the Soviet empire. Then years after, America’s most wanted enemy was a single person Osama bin Laden. He symbolizes a variety of movements of religious activism that despise the symbols of secular power in a global age. Religious nationalism and guerrilla antiglobalism have in common their reliance on bases of authority that in†¦show more content†¦He continues, â€Å"The concept of terrorism was messed up. The term seems to be used only for incidents of violence that people didn’t like or the media have labeled terrorist. What about USA government? How they justify their acts of bombings, of killing innocent people, directly or indirectly, openly or secretly? The USA tries to terrorize nations, to obliterate their power and to tell them, they are nothing and they have to follow†. According to Abouhalima, any form of international political or economic control was a form of terrorism. Conspiracy theories aside, there is a certain amount of truth to the notion that globalization and American dominance are related. U.S. culture and economy have influenced societies around the world in ways that have caused concern to protectors of local societies. There has been a great conflict between secular and religious life throughout the world, and America does inevitable support the secular side of the fight. Regarding nationalism we can conclude that the legitimacy of religious social order as an ideology of nationalism and as an alternative source of authority. 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A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Tourism in Uganda and Kenya Free Essays

string(123) " tourist products in Uganda are nature-based and are linked to wildlife game reserves, forest reserves and national parks\." 1. Introduction As pointed out by Tasciet al (2013), the contribution made by tourism to the growth of the economy can be enormous. Given the great potential of the tourism sector, several models have been developed over the past few years. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Tourism in Uganda and Kenya or any similar topic only for you Order Now Community-based tourism, developed in the 1990’s by authors including Pearce (1992) has been suggested to provide for sustainability in the industry (Beeton 2006). Community-based tourism (CBT) can be defined as a bottom-up approach that ensures the involvement of the local communities in the planning process (Koster 2007). Given the potential of CBT, many rural areas are increasingly relying on tourism as an alternative to economic development, replacing their former reliance on forestry, mining and agriculture (Lopez-Guzman et al. 2011). Rural areas are considered important tourist destinations as they appeal to many tourists (Butler et al. 1998). This paper conducts a comparative analysis of community based tourism between Uganda and Kenya. The paper will first define the concept and then explore the demographics and history of tourism in Kenya and Uganda, and finally examine the socio-economic and environmental impacts. A comparative analysis will be done between the two countries by highlighting similarities and differences. 3. Community-Based Tourism Model: Overview The notion of CBT can be traced back to the alternative approaches developed in the 1970s which were concerned with issues beyond the strictly economic (Tefler 2009). During this period, development in the tourism sector began to focus more on community-based initiatives and stressed more on the participation of the local individuals (Giampiccoli Kalis 2012). The concept brought together issues of sustainability, local empowerment and self-reliance. CBT has come about due to the desire for a more inclusive approach to planning that incorporates local values (Koster 2007). The concept of CBT has suffered from competing and ill-thought-out definitions. For example, Suansri (2003) and Ramsa Mohd (2004) view CBT as a tourism venture wholly managed by the local communities. On the other hand, Scheyvens (2002) and Mearns (2003) are inclined to see it as involving a degree of participation or partnership with other stakeholders playing a part. Perhaps the problem with defining the concept can be attributed to the fact that CBT may mean different things to different people. Despite debate over meanings, the CBT framework used in this paper is that initiated, planned, controlled, owned and managed by the local people with the aim of meeting the needs of the entire community. Private enterprises at the micro-level can be considered as part of the definition if the focus is on communal well-being rather than individual profit. The benefits should accrue to the local community and CBT should respect and preserve local culture. 2. Background to Tourism in Kenya and Uganda: Demographics, History, Socio-Economic Considerations and Environmental Sustainability Tourism plays an important role in Kenya, accounting for 10% of GDP and 9% of employment. It is also increasingly profitable with a 17.9% rise in earnings from the sector between 2009 and 2010 (Ndivo et al 2012). Amongst African countries, Kenya is currently ranked 5th for international tourist visits, with approximately 1.5 million international tourists in 2008 (Bunyere et al. 2009). Because it has the potential to generate employment and prosperity, it has been given an increasingly important role in national socio-economic agendas, with a number of key policies and strategies created including the National Tourism Master Plan (Ministry of Tourism Kenya 2009), Tourism Policy (Government of Kenya 2010) and Tourism Bill 2005 (Ndivo et al 2012). Although there is potential to develop tourism around the country, historically interest has centred on the beaches of the south coast, national parks and game reserves (Ndivo et al 2012). According to a survey conducted by the EU, 63% of EU visitors in Kenya chose coastal areas as their tourist destination (Kibicho 2004). Wildlife is also a popular attraction, with70% of the tourism earnings in Kenya coming from wildlife-based tourism (Bunyere et al, 2009). Given the critical importance of the tourism sector in Kenya, it is extremely vital to protect and conserve these significant resources. Indeed, conservation policies and collaborative schemes have been already been put in place. There is a large area of protected land, and 10% of Kenya’s land has been designated as national park and game reserve land (Akama et al., 2011). Critical biodiversity areas and the rich cultural coastal region form the flourishing tourism sector in Kenya. Although measures to protect Kenya’s ecology have been put in place, there are concerns over sustainability, and the country continues to experience accelerated decline and destruction of critical biodiversity areas. There has been a decline in wildlife population in national parks and game reserves at rates similar to non-protected areas, indicating the state’s inability to protect critical biodiversity (Akama et al., 2011). Moreover, coastal tourism which has for decades dominated has experienced a rapid decline in the recent years owing to the tribal clashes that have erupted (Cheung 2012). Kenya’s coastal tourism industry experienced a period of unprecedented dismal performance with 56% of the hotels closing in 2008 (Akama et al., 2011). Although much of the violence that occurred was tribal in nature, findings indicate that lack of community participation and involvement in tourism activities in the coast was a major factor contributing to these ethnic clashes. Had the local communities been involved in the tourism activities, such ethnic flare-ups would have been averted. The ethnic flare-ups, land use conflict between local communities and wildlife managers, threats of extinction of species and the apparent inability of the state to protect critical biodiversity areas have led to a new realization of the importance of community based tourism in Kenya (Korir et al 2013). Considerable effort has now been made to provide support to CBT enterprises including donor funding. Further, a framework that gives impetus to successful and sustainable operations of CBT ventures has been linked into the overall national policy (Akama et al. 2011). History of Ugandan tourism sector and socio-economic contributions Tourism also has a role to play in the Ugandan economy. Similar to Kenya, main tourist products in Uganda are nature-based and are linked to wildlife game reserves, forest reserves and national parks. You read "A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Tourism in Uganda and Kenya" in category "Essay examples" Other attractions include cultural heritage, community development, eco-tourism and faith-based tourism (Paul, 2004). The importance of involving the local communities in tourism activities is also evident in Uganda. Conflicts between the locals and the government have largely been due to their lack of involvement in planning and development activities. For example, after the establishment of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in 1992, conflicts arose between the locals and the park. The conflicts that led to the burning up of 5% of the park by the local community was evidence enough that the park would not be protected without consent and local support (Mujuni et al. 2003). A collaborative management plan was however set up which promoted participation of the locals in park management and revenue sharing. As a result, conflict ended and the locals committed themselves to protecting and preserving the park. The experience showed the importance of local community involvement in tourism activities. Uganda used to be a key leader in tourism in the past. In the early, 1960s Uganda used to be the main tourism destination in East Africa(Frederic, 2011). However, the unprecedented turmoil of the 1970’s and early 80’s led to a decline in the tourism industry (Paul, 2004). As a result, Uganda lost its position as a top tourist destination in East Africa to Kenya. However, the government that took over in the mid 80’s restored peace and stability (frederic, 2011). Since then, the sector has been steadily increasing despite lagging behind Kenya in terms of its contribution to GDP. Unlike in Kenya where tourism contributes around 10% of the GDP, Ugandan tourism industry is estimated to contribute 4% of the total GDP(Sanchez-Canizares, 2013). Nonetheless, there has been an increasing trend in tourism with the number of international tourist visits increasing from 468,000 in 2005 to over 940,000 in 2010 (Paul, 2004). Given that both countries are still developing, it is worthwhile to examine some of the similarities and differences between the two countries. Comparative analysis of community based tourism between Kenya and Uganda Similarities Socio-economic impact The two countries share certain things in common starting with the embracement and recognition of community based tourism as an important tool for reducing poverty. Both countries have embraced and given emphasis to development of community based tourism as an important tool for poverty reduction (Sanchez-Canizares, 2013). There are several community based tourism projects in both Kenya and Uganda. Some of the popular community based tourism projects in Kenya are: the Kimana Community Wildlife Sanctuary, Mwaluganje, Sera Conservancy and Kalacha Bandas in Marsabit among many other(Tang, 2013) Similarly, Ugandan ministry of tourism has laid emphasis on the importance of community based tourism in the country. The idea of community based conservation has become the focus of the industry. Perhaps this has been driven by the recognition of the benefits of involving the local community in tourism development including: poverty reduction, decline in conflicts with the ministry over land used and reduced poaching activities (frederic, 2011) Some of the successful community based projects in Uganda include Lake Nkuruba Nature Sanctuary, Buhoma Community Restcamp, Mgahinga Community Campground, Busingiro and Kaniyo Pabidi community project, Ruboni Community Campground and Bigodi Wetland Sanctuary(Zeppel, 2006). Participation of the locals in these projects is high. For example, in Bigodi Wetland Sanctuary, the local people are involved in community-guided walks and bird watching tours (Zeppel 2006). Both countries seem to be embracing community tourism as an important tool for reducing poverty. Another similarity can be seen with the funding of these projects. Most of these projects are donor funded. Kenya is heavily reliant on donor funding. In fact, almost 100% of community based tourism development activities in Kenya is donor funded. For example, funds from USAID and World Bank were used to set up an electric fence around the Kimana Community Wildlife Sanctuary (Jonathan et al. 2013). Mwaluganje, another community based tourism development activity, was established through donor funding. Sera Conservancy that was formed to empower the local Samburu communities in Kenya was established with funds from USAID. The EU has also played a major role in funding community based tourism development in Kenya. In 2000, a massive grant of 5.5 million Euros was released by the EU which saw the establishment of 16 community based tourism developments in Kenya (Ruhiu 2007). Other key players funding CBT in Kenya include international bodies such as the UNDP, conservation based NGOs such as AWF, Pact Kenya and WWF; and national agencies such as Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI) (Jonathan et al. 2013). It is clear that donor funding has played a major role in the development of community based tourism in Kenya. The government’s role has merely been the provision of an enabling environment such as security, programme coordination and policy formulation (Ruhiu 2007). Similarly, Community Based Tourism Enterprises (CBTE’s) in Uganda rely predominantly on donor funding. The Mgahinga Bwindi community project was established with funds from the World BANK (Mujuni et al. 2003). Moreover, the two major associations Uganda Community Tourism Association (UCOTA) and (NACOBTA) in charge of promoting community based tourism in Uganda by providing loans and training to the local communities are predominantly donor funded. NACOBTA is 99% donor funded whereas UCOTA is 44.8% donor funded (Elisa et al., 2001) UCOTA empowers the local Ugandan communities to improve their livelihood through participating in sustainable tourism development activities. The association helps the local communities by aiding in the sale of handcrafts, providing accommodation, and tour guiding. Furthermore, both countries have witnessed improved livelihoods due to community based tourism activities. For example, the Mgahinga Bwindi Community Project in Uganda has improved the livelihoods of the locals living around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. Many of the local population living nearby have been employed as park rangers and ‘porters’ (labourers). The community has also benefited through improved infrastructure including roads, education and health facilities. About 60% of the Mgahinga Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust has been devoted towards development of local community projects (Adams Infield 2013). The local communities in Kenya have also benefited from employment and improved livelihoods. The locals living near Mwaluganje, Sera Conservancy and Kalacha Bandas in Marsabit have benefited from schools, clinics and boreholes which have been built by these projects (Ruhiu 2007). Further, pro-poor tourism have assisted women with bead making through provision of platform for selling their products. Whilst these benefits are encouraging, participation of the locals in both countries is still far from enough. Although some of the locals have managed to secure jobs and improve their livelihoods, most of them are paid low salaries, an equivalent of 30 pounds per month (Ruhiu 2007). This certainly doesn’t really improve their livelihood that much. In fact, critics have argued that community based tourism and tourism in general should not necessarily be relied on as a tool for poverty alleviation. According to them, tourism does not compete well with sectors such as agriculture which have higher potential of reducing poverty. Environment impact Also, community based tourism in both countries have led to positive impacts on the environment. For example, in Uganda, KAFRED has created awareness among the local communities bordering wetlands about the importance of protecting and preserving the environment (Adams Infield 2013). This has led to a reduction in encroachment and eucalyptus planting in the wetlands. Further programs such as the National Wetlands Program and Semliki conservation project which have risen from CBT activities have established village by-laws governing the use of wetlands (Adams Infield 2013). Environmental education has played a role in ensuring sustainability of tourism. Similarly, in Kenya, involvement of the local people in tourism activities has led to reduction in wildlife poaching and destruction of forests. Community wildlife and conservation ventures in Kenya have played a major role towards protecting the environment and preserving wildlife (Jonathan et al. 2013). Environment degradation has reduced and conservation measures strengthened with the help of the locals who are employed as park ranges and ‘porters’. Community based tourism and eco-tourism have led the way towards responsible travel with important environmental benefits. Differences Having highlighted the similarities, it is important to identify some of the differences in community based tourism between the two countries. One particular difference relates to the extent to which community based tourism is promoted. CBT in Uganda is only limited to areas within or along the forest reserves and national parks. Almost all of the community projects are within or along the forest reserves and national parks. For example, the Buhoma Community Restcamp is within the impenetrable Bwindi Forest national park. The Mgahinga Community Campground project lies next to Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (Zeppel 2006). Others including the Bigodi Wetland Sanctuary, Busingiro and Kaniyo community project and the Ruboni community campground are located along or near national parks and forest reserves (Zeppel 2006). Community based tourism activities in Uganda continue to be limited to areas lying within or along the national parks and forest reserves. This has been echoed by Industry operators who have highlighted ‘limited efforts to promoting community tourism at the national level’ as one of the main concern of tourism development in Uganda. In stark contrast, community based tourism is promoted at the national level as evident with the opening up of new areas of possibility such as sports tourism, eco tourism, adventure safaris, horse and camel safaris, walk tours, and cultural tourism among many others (Cobb 2006). Further, programs such as the Enterprise Development Program have been implemented across the country to build the local capacity and integrate communities into tourism development activities. Such programs ensure the mobilization of the community through seminars, debates, regional workshops and participatory trainings (Ruhiu 2007). Further the local communities are provided advisory services on product development and market access which helps strengthen growth of their enterprises (Cobb 2006). This has been driven by the realization of the potential of community based tourism to reduce poverty, and multiplier effects of the tourism sector as a whole in driving the economy. Perhaps another difference that can be pointed between CBT in Kenya and Uganda relates to the coastal attraction. While community based ecotourism ventures along the coastal region form the flourishing tourism sector in Kenya, Uganda being a landlocked country does not have any coastal attractions (Mulinda Wilbert 2009). Coastal attraction features provides Kenya with an edge over Uganda(Wilbert, 2009). Beaches, sun-basking, the aquatic life at the coast and rich culture that includes performances, dances and the contemporary ways of living of the coastal people make it a popular tourist destination. Another difference is related to the marketing and promotion of CBT activities. Unlike Uganda, Kenya has invested more in marketing and promotion of tourism activities. For example, last year, Kenya budgeted $34 million dollars for tourism promotion and marketing. This is in stark contrast with Uganda’s budget of only $90,000 (UIA 2014). While this may be seen as impacting on development in the overall sector, community based enterprises are also affected in terms of the number of visits and revenues generated from sale of products. Uganda’s funding of the sector remains very low despite the potential of becoming a multi-billion sector. The slow pace of tourism in Uganda can be attributed to the lack of identity at the international level. While Kenya has promoted their visibility at the international level, Uganda is still lagging behind in terms of investing fully in promotion of tourism. While CBT in Kenya has grown much faster than Uganda, it has not developed as expected owing to many factors including in adequate funds for marketing and promoting tourism, transparency and governance issues, lack of marketing skills and absence of a system for ensuring equitable sharing of the opportunities and benefits accruing from tourism activities. For example, while Kenya’s budget for promotion of tourism may be $34 million, the Kenya Tourism Board receives only $6 million. Further, funding remains a major problem in both Kenya and Uganda. Given that these countries are still developing, there are very limited financial resources for supporting CBTEs. Even when these finances are incorporated in government budgets, they are often inadequate to support CBT developments (Ruhiu, 2007). As a result, community based tourism has often relied on foreign investment which may lead to the rise of neo-colonial structures discussed above as foreign investors seek control of tourism resources. Whereas Kenya may be ahead of Uganda in terms of pro-tourism development, it is still far from being developed as it is still prone to failures resulting from limited funding, poor infrastructure development, lack of formal education, political influences and inadequate representation of the locals. CBT in Kenya still remains very low with lack of local representation in the workforce. While the industry may boast of over 500,000 jobs, the employment opportunities remain inequitably distributed (Cheung 2012). Most of the local communities are missing out on employment opportunities as these are being taken over by the outside workforce. According to a survey conducted by Bruyere et al. (2009), 64% of the local community members found the employment opportunities to be insufficient. Kenya’s community based approach to tourism development is still largely skewed to the interest of tourism (hotels, hospitality and service) with limited representation of the locals. There are also political considerations to take into account. For example, a neo-colonial structure has emerged within the industry as some foreign investors seek control of tourism resources. (Cheung 2012). This has resulted in social and political disempowerment of the locals as neo-colonial structures have made it increasingly difficult for them to participate in the planning and decision making process. Although there exist more opportunities for local entrepreneurs to invest in the industry compared to Uganda especially given the ongoing development agenda that encourages of the growth SMEs, a divide of power continues to disengage and disempower the local communities. The majority of Kenyans continue to live below the poverty line with the highest incidence of poverty occurring in tourist destination areas. 5. Conclusion The above has looked at the notion of CBT with particular reference to the situation in Kenya and Uganda. From the analysis, both countries seem to share certain commonalities and differences as well. For example, community based tourism is embraced in both countries and recognized as an important tool for reducing poverty. Also, both countries are heavily reliant on donor funding. Moreover, the locals in both countries have experienced improvement in their livelihoods through employment opportunities, and access to school and health facilities. Further, Pro-poor tourism has assisted women with bead making through provision of platform for selling products. Both countries have also seen improvement in their environments which has resulted due to community development projects and conservation ventures. In Uganda, programs such as the National Wetlands Program and Semliki conservation project have established village by-laws governing the use of wetlands. Community wildlife and conservation ventures in Kenya have played a major role towards protecting the environment and preserving wildlife. There are also sharp differences in CBT developments in both countries. For example, community based tourism activities in Uganda are limited to areas lying within or along the national parks and forest reserves. In stark contrast, community based tourism in Kenya is promoted at the national level as evident with the opening up of new areas of possibility such as sports tourism, eco tourism, adventure safaris, horse and camel safaris, walk tours, and cultural tourism. Another difference is that Uganda being a landlocked country does not have coastal attractions. On the other hand, beaches, sun-basking, the aquatic life at the Kenyan coast and rich culture that includes performances, dances and the contemporary ways of living of the coastal people make it a popular tourist destination. Additionally, Kenya has invested more in marketing and promotion of tourism activities compared to Uganda. While Kenya has promoted their visibility at the international level, Uganda is still lagging behind in terms of investing fully in promotion of tourism. While CBT in Kenya has grown much faster than Uganda, it has not developed as expected owing to many factors including in adequate funds for marketing and promoting tourism, transparency and governance issues, lack of marketing skills and absence of a system for ensuring equitable sharing of the opportunities and benefits accruing from tourism activities. Nonetheless, the future of tourism in both these two countries lies in community based tourism. The potential of CBT to reduce poverty and make the sector sustainable is enormous. Not only can CBT help in enhancing biodiversity conservation but it can also generate income and bring economic growth to the local communities. 6. References Adams, W. and Infield, M. 2013. Community conservation at mgahinga gorilla national park, uganda. Institute for Development Policy and Management, Manchester. Akama, J. and Starry, P., 2000. Cultural tourism in Africa: strategies for new millennium.Africa International Conference, Mombasa, Kenya. Beeton, S (2006) Community Development Through Tourism, USA: Landlinks Press Bruyere, B.L., Beh, A.W. and Lelengula, G., 2009. ‘Differences in perceptions of communication, tourism benefits, and management issues in a protected area of rural Kenya’. Environmental Management, 43, 49-59 Butler, R., Hall, C.M. Jenkins, J. 1998. ‘Continuity and change in rural tourism: Introduction’ in R. Butler, C.M. Hall and J. Jenkins (eds) Tourism and Recreation in Rural Areas (New York: Wiley) 3-17 Cheung, H., 2012.Tourism in kenya’s national parks: a cost-benefit analysis. Kenya Giampiccoli, A. and Kalis, J.H., 2012. Community-based tourism and local culture: the case of the amaMpondo, vol. 10 (1), pp. 173-188 Frederic, T., Grace, B, and Celestine, k. 2011. Opportunity study: Uganda inclusive tourism. Jonathan, T. B., Nelly, J., and Nehemia, K., 2013. ‘An examination of Kenya’s outbound tourism to ugandan destinations: towards re-thinking Kenya’s tourism product development and marketing’. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development 4(8). Kibicho, W., 2004. Community tourism: a lesson from Kenya’s coastal region. Journal of Vacation Marketing, Vol. 10, pp.33-42 Korir, J, Muchiri, J and Kamwea, J 2013. ‘Wildlife Based Tourism, Ecology and Sustainability of Protected Areas in Kenya’ Journal of Natural Sciences Research 3:3, Koster, R.L., 2007.An evaluation of community based tourism development: how theory intersects practice. Priarie Perspectives Lopez-Guzman, T. and Sanchez-Canizares, S. and Pavon, V., 2011.‘Community based tourism in developing countries: a case study’. An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, vol.6 (1), pp 69-84 Mearns, K., 2003. Commmunity based tourism. The key to empowering the Sankuyo community in Botswana. Africa Insight, 33:29-32 Mujuni C.N., K. N., P. van de Kop, A. Baldascini and S. Grouwels 1., 2003. ‘Community-based forest enterprise development for improved livelihoods and biodiversity conservation: A case study from bwindi world heritage site, uganda’. In World Forestry Congress. Canada, Quebec City. Ndivo RM, Waudo, J N and Waswa F 2012. ‘Examining Kenya’s Tourist Destinations’ Appeal: the Perspectives of Domestic Tourism Market.’. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 1, 103. OECD 2012.Tourism Trends and Policies, OECD Publishing, UK Paul, A. 2004. Tourism in a rural Ugandan village: impacts, local meaning and implications for development. Pergamon, New York. Pearce, D. 1992 ‘Alternative tourism: concepts, classifications and questions’, in Smith, V.L. and Eadington, W. R., (eds), Tourism Alternatives: Potentials and Problems in theDevelopment of Tourism, New York: John Wiley and Sons pp. 18–30. Rihiu, J.M., 2007. Capital for investing in community based tourism (CBT) – grants vs loans. National Ecotourism Conference Sanchez-Canizares, T. and Lopez_GuzmanL, 2013. Community – based tourism in developing countries: A case study Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal Of Tourism 6(1):69-84. Scheyvens, R., 2002. Tourism for development empowering community. Harlow: Prentice Hall Suansri, P., 2003. Community based tourism handbook.Responsible ecological social tour – REST project, Thailand. Tasci, A.D., semrad, K.J. and yilmaz, S., 2013. Community based tourism: finding the equilibrium in the COMCEC context setting the pathway for the future. Tang, K. 2013. Community based tourism. Singapore. Tefler, D.J., 2009. ‘Development studies and tourism’. In: Jamal, T. and Robinson, M. (eds). The SAGE handbook of tourism studies, London: SAGE Publications Zeppel, H. 2006. Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management. CABI. How to cite A Comparative Analysis of Community-Based Tourism in Uganda and Kenya, Essay examples

Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Twain Essay Example For Students

Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Twain Essay In the Style of Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is said to be the source from which all great American literature has stemmed (Smith127). This is in part attributed to Mark Twains ability to use humor andsatire, as well as incorporating serious subject matter into his work. Throughout the novel Twain takes on the serious issue of Hucks moral dilemma. One such issue which is particularly important in the novel is pointed out bySmith: He swears and smokes, but he has a set of ethics all his own. He believesthat slaves belong to their rightful owners, yet in his honest gratitude towardhis friend Jim, he helps him to escape the bonds of slavery. (181) This issomething that tears at Huck throughout the novel and helps Twain show howcomplex Hucks character really is. The recognition of complexity inHucks character enabled Twain to do full justice to the conflict of vernacularvalues and the dominant culture (Smith 125). Throughout Huck and Jimsadventures Huck is constantly playing practical jokes on Jim who seems to takethem all in stride. But unknown to the reader Twain uses this aspect as anothernotch in Hucks moral 2 growth. Critic Frank McGill points this out: Huckshumble apology for the prank he plays on Jim in the fog is striking evidence ofgrowth in Hucks moral insight. It leads naturally to the next chapter in whichTwain causes Huck to face up for the first time to the fact he is helping aslave escape.(119) Another serious issue addressed by Twain is the abuse thatwas given to Huck by his father. Huck was kidnaped from the Widow Douglas by hisfather who had heard of his inheritance. Hucks father then took him to a cabinfar away in the woods where he kept the boy a prisoner, beating him and halfstarving him. Twain tells us how Huck felt about life with his father: Beforelong Huck began to wonder why he had even liked living with the widow. With hisfather he could smoke and swear all he wanted, and his life would have beenquiet pleasant if it had not been for all of the constant beatings. (156) Huckwould soon after grow tired of the beatings and fakes his death to escape thecabin. The humorous side of Twain is probably what he is most well known for. Humor is considered an art form by many writers. Jane Bernadette states thedifference between humor and comical stories: The humorous story is strictly awork of art high and delicate and only an Curran 3 artist can tell it; but noart is necessary in telling the comic and the witty story; anybody can do it. The art of telling a humorous story-understand, I mean by word of mouth, notprint-was created in America and has remained at home. (159) Twain satirizes thesouth for its seriousness on certain matters. I think one of the mostnotably southern traits of Mark Twains humor is its power of seeing the fun ofsouthern seriousness(Bernadette 175). Twain also satirizes the society ofthe ?day by describing the colonel Grangerford as the symbol ofsouthern aristocracy(245). Twain also goes on to satirize the southsracism. One such instance is pointed out in the novel when Aunt Polly hears of asteamboat explosion. Good gracious is anyone hurt? No,it just killed a negro (209). Religious satire is another aspectthat Twain uses. An easy illustration of this is the Widows attempt to teachHuck religious principles while she persists on keeping slaves. Hucksprinciples of morality make him more ?Christian than the Widow even though hetakes no interest in her lifeless principles(Bernadette 288). Twainshu mor has been mistaken by some to be racist or politically incorrect. Thehumor of Mark Twain contains a sense of the incongruous which frontiersmen feltin a region where civilization and uncultivated nature come face to face(McGill 95). In conclusion I think that the style and structure of Mark Twainswork not only exemplifies him as a humorist but as a serious writer as well ; awriter who cannot be Curran 4 categorized by any one aspect of his writing. .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .postImageUrl , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:hover , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:visited , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:active { border:0!important; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:active , .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43 .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0d9bdc391ca0e1d7b9bd50258580c43:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Best chews dogs, daily best cats fish, daily best EssayTo remember him only as a creator of boyhood adventure or as a relic of anAmerican frontier or the voice of idiosyncracy is to do him disservice(McGill 211). BibliographyBernadette, Jane. American Realism . Toronto: Educational ResourcesCorporation, 1972. McGill, Frank. American Writers. Montana: University ofMontana, 1974. Smith, Henry. Mark Twain: Development of a Writer. London: OxfordPress, 1962 Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: PenguinPress, 1996